General Information

1. Course Duration: The course of study for the Bachelor of Alternative Medicine and Surgery shall extend over a period of four (4) academic years.
2. Minimum Qualification for Admission: The candidate must have passed the Higher Secondary Examination (10+2 pattern) or its equivalent recognized examination with Science subjects (Physics, Chemistry, and Biology).
3. Medium of Instruction: English shall be the medium of instruction and examination for all subjects throughout the course.
4. Total Marks of the Course: The aggregate marks for the entire four-year course shall be 5000 marks. Each subject carries 200 marks, comprising 100 marks for Theory and 100 marks for Practical/Oral examinations. The total marks for each academic year shall be calculated as 200 × (number of subjects prescribed in that year).
5. Examination Schedule:

   The university/board examination will be conducted annually according to the following schedule:

   • Part-I Examination: Held at the end of the 1st Year.
   • Part-II Examination: Held at the end of the 2nd Year.
   • Part-III Examination: Held at the end of the 3rd Year.
   • Part-IV Examination: Held at the end of the 4th Year.

   A supplementary examination shall be conducted within six months of the publication of the annual examination results to facilitate candidates eligible for re-examination.

Pass & Division Criteria

Each subject carries 200 marks — Theory (maximum 100, minimum pass marks 35) and Practical (maximum 100, minimum pass marks 35). To pass, a candidate must score at least 35 marks separately in both Theory and Practical of every subject.

The division is decided on the aggregate percentage of marks obtained, as follows —

Mark Distribution

1st Year

2nd Year

3rd Year

4th Year

Total marks of the course : 5000

Detailed Syllabus — 1st Year

1. Introduction to General Anatomy — anatomical terminology, planes, axes, body cavities, cell structure, elementary tissues, and principles of human embryology.
2. Osteology and Skeletal Framework — classification of bones, axial and appendicular skeleton, microscopic structure of bone tissue, ossification centers, and clinically significant bony landmarks.
3. Arthrology and Biomechanics — structural and functional classification of joints, synovial joint anatomy, ligamentous support, and range of movement of major joints including shoulder, hip, and knee.
4. Myology — classification of muscles, structural architecture, origin, insertion, action, and nerve supply of major muscle groups of upper extremities, lower extremities, trunk, and perineum.
5. Cardiovascular Anatomy — gross anatomy of the heart, pericardium, cardiac chambers, coronary circulation, major arterial trunks, systemic venous drainage, and fetal circulation.
6. Respiratory System — morphology and relations of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, pleura, lungs, and the muscular diaphragm.
7. Digestive System and Peritoneum — anatomy of the alimentary canal, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, anal canal, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
8. Urogenital Anatomy — gross structure, relations, and vascularization of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, male and female internal and external reproductive organs.
9. Neuroanatomy — meninges, cerebrospinal fluid pathways, cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, peripheral spinal nerves, cranial nerves, and autonomic nervous pathways.
10. Endocrine Glands and Sensory Organs — anatomical location, structural organization, and relations of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, and suprarenal glands; gross anatomy of eye, ear, and integumentary system.

1. General and Cellular Physiology — cell membrane dynamics, passive and active transport mechanisms, membrane potential, intracellular signaling, and maintenance of homeostasis.
2. Blood and Hematology — composition of blood, erythropoiesis, hemoglobin synthesis and degradation, leukocyte kinetics, platelets, hemostatic mechanism, blood groups, and lymphatic circulation.
3. Cardiovascular Physiology — properties of cardiac muscle, cardiac cycle, electrical conduction system, electrocardiogram (ECG), cardiac output, arterial blood pressure regulation, and microcirculation.
4. Respiratory Physiology — mechanics of pulmonary ventilation, lung volumes and capacities, alveolar gas diffusion, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and neural and chemical control of respiration.
5. Gastrointestinal Physiology — secretion, composition, and functions of saliva, gastric juice, bile, and pancreatic enzymes; motor activity of the alimentary tract; digestion and absorption of nutrients.
6. Renal Physiology and Excretion — functional anatomy of the nephron, renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, tubular reabsorption and secretion, countercurrent mechanism, and micturition reflex.
7. Endocrine Physiology — physiological synthesis, functions, mechanism of action, and regulatory feedback of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, endocrine pancreas, and adrenocortical hormones.
8. Reproductive Physiology — male reproductive endocrinology, spermatogenesis, female reproductive endocrinology, menstrual cycle, ovulation, fertilization, physiology of pregnancy, and lactation.
9. Neurophysiology — synaptic transmission, properties of nerve fibers, sensory receptors, ascending and descending spinal tracts, cerebral cortex functions, basal ganglia, and autonomic regulation.
10. Special Senses and Thermoregulation — optics of vision, phototransduction, auditory pathways, mechanism of hearing and equilibrium, gustatory and olfactory pathways, and body temperature regulation.

1. History and Philosophy of Alternative Systems — historical evolution of global healing traditions, comparison between orthodox allopathy and holistic systems, and WHO policies on traditional medicine.
2. Concept of Vital Force and Holism — dynamic nature of health, vital energy concepts (Prana, Chi, Vital Force), constitutional balance, and the triad of physical, emotional, and spiritual well-being.
3. Principles of Naturopathic Medicine — the ten basic principles of Naturopathy, Panchamahabhutas (five elements), theory of toxemia, fasting therapy, therapeutic dietetics, hydrotherapy, and mud therapy.
4. Fundamentals of Acupuncture and Acupressure — Yin and Yang theory, five-element doctrine, distribution of twelve primary meridians, Eight Extraordinary Vessels, and identification of vital acupoints.
5. Foundations of Electro-Homoeopathy — Count Cesare Mattei's principles of vegetal matter, doctrine of vitiated lymph and blood, and basic classification of electro-homoeopathic therapeutic agents.
6. Herbal and Phytotherapeutic Principles — identification, collection, preservation, and pharmacological actions of common therapeutic medicinal herbs; preparations of infusions, decoctions, and tinctures.
7. Magnetotherapy and Chromotherapy — biological effects of magnetic energy, north and south pole actions, therapeutic applications of magnets, spectrum analysis of colors, and chromo-energetic remedies.
8. Therapeutic Yoga and Mind-Body Medicine — philosophy of Ashtanga Yoga, therapeutic physiological impact of selected asanas, pranayama techniques, meditation, and biofeedback in chronic disease.
9. Diagnostic Modalities in Alternative Medicine — traditional holistic diagnostic methods, tongue inspection, facial diagnosis, basic pulse examination (Nadi Pariksha), and fundamentals of iridology.
10. Clinical Case Taking and Medical Ethics — comprehensive holistic case recording, clinical interviewing, physician-patient relationship, scope of practice, informed consent, and medico-legal obligations.

1. Concepts of Public Health and Epidemiology — dimensions of health, disease causation models, web of causation, natural history of disease, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of prevention.
2. Epidemiological Methods and Biostatistics — descriptive, analytical, and experimental epidemiology; rates, ratios, proportions, measures of central tendency, and epidemiological surveillance.
3. Environmental Sanitation and Ecology — safe and wholesome water supply, water purification on small and large scales, disposal of municipal and biomedical waste, and air and noise pollution control.
4. Nutritional Health and Deficiency Disorders — nutritional requirements of population groups, protein-energy malnutrition, micro-nutrient deficiencies (vitamin A, iron, iodine), and food hygiene.
5. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases — etiology, transmission, preventive measures, and outbreak management of tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue), and enteric fever.
6. Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases — risk factors, lifestyle determinants, early detection, and preventive interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and neoplasms.
7. Maternal and Child Health Care — antenatal, intranatal, and postnatal maternal services; infant care, high-risk approach, low birth weight management, and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP).
8. Demography and Family Welfare — stages of demographic transition, demographic indicators, population policy of India, and modern methods of fertility regulation and family planning counseling.
9. Occupational and Mental Health — occupational hazards (physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic), pneumoconioses, prevention of occupational diseases, and community mental health strategies.
10. Health Administration and AYUSH Integration — structure of primary health centers, National Health Mission (NHM), role of alternative and indigenous medical systems in national public health delivery.

1. General Principles and Sources of Materia Medica — definition, scope, historical origin, sources of remedies (vegetable, mineral, animal, nosodes, sarcodes, imponderabilia), and modes of preparation.
2. Concept of Drug Proving and Pharmacodynamics — principles of dynamic action, drug pathogenesy, human proving methodology, concept of individualization, and totality of symptoms.
3. Symptomatology and Modalities — subjective, objective, general, and particular symptoms; keynotes; guiding symptoms; alternating symptoms; and aggravating and ameliorating modalities.
4. Vegetable Kingdom Remedies I — source, constituents, pathogenesy, modalities, and key clinical indications of Aconitum napellus, Belladonna, Bryonia alba, Arnica montana, and Calendula officinalis.
5. Vegetable Kingdom Remedies II — source, action, and clinical indications of Nux vomica, Pulsatilla nigricans, Chamomilla, Rhus toxicodendron, Ipecacuanha, and Drosera rotundifolia.
6. Mineral Kingdom Remedies — pharmacological actions, constitutional types, and therapeutics of Arsenicum album, Calcarea carbonica, Sulphur, Phosphorus, and Hepar sulphuris calcareum.
7. Biochemic Tissue Salts (Twelve Schuessler Remedies) — physiological doctrine of tissue salts; clinical study of Calcarea fluorica, Ferrum phosphoricum, Kali phosphoricum, Magnesia phosphorica, and Silicea.
8. Electro-Homoeopathic Materia Medica Fundamentals — study of fundamental vegetal remedies: Scrofoloso group, Canceroso group, Angiotico group, and Febrifugo group with their targeted affinities.
9. Principles of Posology and Remedy Administration — selection of dynamic potency (decimal, centesimal scales), mother tinctures, repetition protocols, minimum dose concept, and external applications.
10. Drug Relationships and Antidotes — complementary remedies, inimical relationships, compatible combinations, antidotal management of drug aggravations, and remedy sequencing.

Detailed Syllabus — 2nd Year

1. Osteology and Arthrology — Detailed structural study of the appendicular and axial skeleton, classification of bones, ossification centers, types of joints, articular cartilage, ligaments, and biomechanics of synovial joints.
2. Myology of Limbs and Trunk — Origin, insertion, nerve supply, and action of major muscle groups of upper extremities, lower extremities, pectoral girdle, abdominal wall, and back.
3. Thoracic Cavity and Viscera — Anatomy of thoracic wall, mediastinal partitions, pleura, bronchopulmonary segments, lungs, pericardium, cardiac chambers, coronary circulation, and great blood vessels.
4. Abdominal Viscera and Peritoneum — Organization of peritoneal folds, morphology and relations of stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and mesenteric vasculature.
5. Urogenital Anatomy — Gross and microscopic structure of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, male and female internal and external genitalia, and perineal structures.
6. Central Nervous System — Gross morphology of cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord, meninges, ventricular system, and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
7. Peripheral and Autonomic Nerves — Cranial nerves distribution, brachial and lumbosacral plexuses, sympathetic trunk, and parasympathetic outflow pathways.
8. Vascular and Lymphatic Channels — Major arterial trees, deep and superficial venous systems, lymphatic drainage patterns, lymph nodes, and thoracic duct.
9. Endocrine Glands — Anatomical location, vascular relationships, and histological features of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal, and pineal glands.
10. Surface and Radiological Anatomy — Surface projection landmarks for thoracic and abdominal viscera, palpable arterial pulses, major nerve courses, and normal skiagram (X-ray) interpretation.

1. General and Cellular Physiology — Cell membrane structure, active and passive transport mechanisms, resting membrane potential, action potential, and homeostasis.
2. Blood and Hematological Mechanisms — Composition of plasma, erythropoiesis, hemoglobin synthesis and degradation, leukocyte functions, blood groups (ABO and Rh), and intrinsic/extrinsic coagulation pathways.
3. Cardiovascular Dynamics — Cardiac cycle phases, pressure-volume relationships, genesis of heart sounds, cardiac output regulation, blood pressure maintenance, and electrocardiogram (ECG) principles.
4. Respiration and Gas Exchange — Mechanics of pulmonary ventilation, lung volumes and capacities, surfactant action, alveolar-capillary gas diffusion, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and neural/chemical regulation of breathing.
5. Gastrointestinal Function — Secretory, motor, and digestive mechanisms of salivary, gastric, pancreatic, biliary, and intestinal units, including gastrointestinal hormones and nutrient absorption.
6. Renal Physiology and Excretion — Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, counter-current multiplier mechanism, clearance concepts, micturition reflex, and regulation of body fluids and electrolytes.
7. Neuromuscular and Sensory Systems — Neuromuscular junction transmission, muscle contraction cross-bridge cycle, sensory receptors, ascending/descending spinal tracts, reflexes, and pain pathways.
8. Endocrinology — Synthesis, release, feedback loops, and physiological effects of hypothalamic, anterior/posterior pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pancreatic islet hormones.
9. Reproductive Physiology — Spermatogenesis and hormonal controls in males; menstrual cycle, oogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, corpus luteum function, and lactation physiology in females.
10. Thermoregulation and Skin — Body temperature regulation mechanisms, physiological responses to heat and cold, sweat gland function, and cutaneous sensation.

1. Legal Framework and Court Systems — Administration of justice in India, hierarchy of criminal courts, jurisdiction, powers of magistrates, inquest procedures (police and magistrate), and summons/warrant processes.
2. Court Procedures and Evidence — Types of witnesses, recording of oral and documentary evidence, dying declaration, deposition guidelines, examination-in-chief, cross-examination, and re-examination.
3. Personal Identification and Biometrics — Parameters of identification in living and dead, corpus delicti, identification through teeth, dactyloscopy, DNA profiling, superimposition, and age estimation from ossification.
4. Thanatology and Post-Mortem Changes — Signs and stages of death, algor mortis, livor mortis, rigor mortis, cadaveric spasm, putrefaction, adipocere, mummification, and determination of time since death.
5. Medico-Legal Autopsy — Objectives, legal requirements, instruments, autopsy protocols, preservation of viscera and body fluids for chemical and histopathological examination.
6. Mechanical Injuries and Trauma — Classification, characteristics, and medico-legal significance of abrasions, contusions, lacerations, incised wounds, stab wounds, and firearm discharge injuries.
7. Violent Asphyxial Deaths — Pathophysiology, post-mortem findings, and differential diagnosis of hanging, strangulation, suffocation, smothering, and wet vs. dry drowning.
8. General Principles of Toxicology — Classification of poisons, absorption, distribution, detoxification, excretion, actions of poisons, diagnostic signs, and emergency management of acute poisoning.
9. Corrosive and Irritant Poisons — Signs, lethal dose, lethal period, and post-mortem findings of strong acids, alkalis, arsenic, lead, mercury, copper, and plant irritants (calotropis, croton, ricinus).
10. Neurotic and Asphyxiant Poisons — Toxicity profiles and forensic detection of opium, alcohol, barbiturates, organophosphates, strychnine, datura, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen cyanide.
11. State Medicine and Statutory Enactments — Public health notifications, infectious disease reporting obligations, Workmen's Compensation Act, and statutory obligations of alternate medical practitioners.

1. Medical Ethics and Duties — Historical oaths (Hippocratic, Declaration of Geneva), moral responsibilities of alternative medicine practitioners, physician-patient relationship, and ethical advertising standards.
2. Medical Councils and Regulatory Framework — Composition, powers, penal erasure, and functions of state and national regulatory bodies governing alternative medicine and surgery.
3. Professional Misconduct and Infamous Conduct — Meaning and scope of professional misconduct ("the six A's"), disciplinary actions, medical negligence, civil and criminal liability, and contributory negligence.
4. Doctrine of Consent in Medical Practice — Nature of consent, implied and express consent, informed consent, therapeutic privilege, emergency medical doctrine, and legal age for valid consent.
5. Malpractice and Consumer Protection — Scope of medical services under consumer protection laws, defenses against medical malpractice claims, vicarious liability, and professional indemnity insurance.
6. Medicolegal Records and Medical Certificates — Importance, maintenance, retention period of inpatient and outpatient records, issuance of sickness certificates, fitness certificates, and death certificates.
7. Medicolegal Aspects of Sexual Offences — Legal definitions under relevant penal codes, medical examination of victim and accused in rape and sodomy cases, consent documentation, and evidence collection kits.
8. Pregnancy, Delivery, and Infanticide — Medicolegal aspects of pregnancy, legitimacy, virginity, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, signs of live birth, hydrostatic test, and feticide/infanticide.
9. Forensic Psychiatry — Civil and criminal responsibility of the mentally ill, determination of insanity under legal tests (McNaughten’s rules), testamentary capacity, and provisions of mental health legislation.
10. Professional Secrecy and Privileged Communication — Maintenance of patient confidentiality, exceptions under law, public interest disclosures, and duty to warn in infectious or hazardous states.

1. Introduction to Alternative Pharmacy — Definitions, historical development, scope, classification, and regulatory pharmacopoeial standards governing indigenous and complementary pharmaceuticals.
2. Sources and Identification of Crude Drugs — Plant, animal, mineral, and marine sources of medicinal substances; macro-morphological and organoleptic evaluation of raw materials.
3. Collection, Harvesting, and Processing — Seasonal variations affecting active constituents, harvesting stages, garbling, drying, pulverization, purification (shodhana), and optimal storage techniques.
4. Extraction and Menstruum Mechanics — Principles of maceration, percolation, decoction, infusion, and soxhlet extraction; selection and use of solvents including water, alcohol, and natural media.
5. Solid Dosage Forms — Manufacturing methodologies, excipients, preservation, and disintegration testing of powders (churnas), pills (vatika), tablets, and capsules.
6. Liquid Preparations and Fermentations — Preparation, filtration, alcohol generation, self-preservation parameters, and standardization of medicated syrups, hydro-alcoholic tinctures, and fermented liquids (asavas and arishtas).
7. Semisolid and Oleaginous Preparations — Formulations, base selection, stability, and therapeutic preparation of medicated oils (taila), clarified butter (ghrita), ointments, creams, and poultices.
8. Posology and Dosage Calculations — Factors modifying drug action, age and weight-based posological formulas (Young's, Dilling's, Clark's rules), dosage schedules, and cumulative drug effects.
9. Incompatibilities in Prescriptions — Physical, chemical, and therapeutic incompatibilities; methods of detection, correction, and prevention in compounding.
10. Standardization and Quality Control — Determination of moisture content, ash values, extractive values, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and microbiological limit testing for alternative preparations.
11. Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and Packaging — Schedule T / GMP requirements, clean-room standards, container-closure systems, shelf-life estimation, and statutory labeling protocols.

1. Concepts of Health, Hygiene, and Disease — Holistic and multidimensional definitions of health, spectra of health, natural history of disease, epidemiological triad, and levels of prevention (primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary).
2. Water Sanitation and Supply — Safe and wholesome water criteria, sources of water, sanitary wells, physical and chemical water purification methods on small and large scales, and waterborne disease surveillance.
3. Air, Ventilation, and Housing — Thermal comfort indices, indicators of air pollution and its health impacts, principles of natural and artificial ventilation, and basic standards for sanitary housing.
4. Disposal of Community Wastes — Collection, handling, and hygienic disposal of solid wastes (composting, sanitary landfill, incineration), sewage treatment processes, septic tanks, and bio-medical waste segregation.
5. Nutritional Hygiene and Food Sanitation — Macro- and micro-nutrients, balanced diet formulation, nutritional deficiency disorders (PEM, anemia, goitre, xerophthalmia), food adulteration, food preservation, and food hygiene standards.
6. Epidemiology of Communicable Diseases — Modes of transmission, incubation periods, quarantine vs. isolation, and containment measures for tuberculosis, cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, malaria, dengue, and rabies.
7. Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Diseases — Risk factor profiling, early detection, lifestyle modifications, and community interventions for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and malignancies.
8. Maternal and Child Health (MCH) — Antenatal, natal, and postnatal hygiene; risk approach in child bearing; infant feeding protocols; weaning practices; and monitoring under-five clinics.
9. Immunization and Cold Chain Systems — National Immunization Schedule, active and passive immunization, vaccine storage parameters, cold chain equipment maintenance, and adverse events following immunization (AEFI).
10. Occupational Health and Industrial Hygiene — Physical, chemical, biological, and psychosocial occupational hazards; pneumoconiosis; lead toxicity; ergonomics; and pre-placement/periodic health appraisals.
11. Health Education and National Health Programmes — Methods and aids of public health communication, behavioral change communication (BCC), structure of primary health centers (PHC), and overview of national disease control programs.

Detailed Syllabus — 3rd Year

1. Applied Anatomy and Physiology of Female Genital Organs — Development, vascular supply, lymphatic drainage, pelvic floor dynamics, and hormonal regulation of the ovulatory cycle.
2. Menstrual and Hormonal Disorders — Etiology, diagnosis, and management of amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
3. Genital Tract Infections and Inflammatory Conditions — Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), vaginitis, cervicitis, sexually transmitted infections, and pelvic tuberculosis.
4. Benign and Malignant Gynecological Tumors — Fibroids, adenomyosis, endometriosis, cervical dysplasia, endometrial cancer, and ovarian neoplasms.
5. Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology — Primary and secondary infertility investigation protocols, ovulation induction, and principles of assisted reproductive technology.
6. Physiological Changes and Diagnosis of Pregnancy — Maternal adaptations, signs of early and advanced pregnancy, fetoplacental development, and routine antenatal care.
7. Complications of Early and Late Pregnancy — Spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and antepartum hemorrhage.
8. Normal and Abnormal Labor — Mechanics and stages of normal labor, partogram monitoring, induction protocols, dystocia, malpresentations, and cephalopelvic disproportion.
9. Operative Obstetrics and Emergencies — Episiotomy, vacuum and forceps delivery, Cesarean section indications, shoulder dystocia, and postpartum hemorrhage management.
10. Puerperium and Neonatal Assessment — Normal puerperal changes, puerperal sepsis, lactation management, Apgar scoring, and basic neonatal resuscitation.
11. Contraceptive Methods and Medical Termination of Pregnancy — Barrier methods, intrauterine devices (IUDs), hormonal contraceptives, emergency contraception, and legal aspects under the MTP Act.
12. Alternative and Integrative Gynecological Therapeutics — Herbal formulations, biological remedies, and non-pharmacological supportive therapies in female reproductive health.

1. Applied Anatomy of Ear, Nose, Throat, and Orbit — Structural landmarks, cranial nerve pathways, sensory physiology, and clinical examination techniques.
2. Diseases of the External and Middle Ear — Otitis externa, otomycosis, acute and chronic suppurative otitis media, cholesteatoma, and tympanic membrane perforation.
3. Inner Ear Disorders and Audiology — Sensorineural hearing loss, presbycusis, Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular disorders, and audiometric evaluations.
4. Diseases of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses — Deviated nasal septum, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, and management of epistaxis.
5. Pathologies of the Pharynx, Tonsils, and Adenoids — Acute and chronic pharyngitis, adenotonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess (Quinsy), and foreign bodies in the aerodigestive tract.
6. Laryngeal Disorders and Voice Pathologies — Acute laryngitis, vocal nodules, vocal cord paralysis, stridor, and clinical approach to hoarseness of voice.
7. Diseases of the Conjunctiva and Cornea — Infectious conjunctivitis, trachoma, corneal abrasions, ulcerative keratitis, corneal dystrophies, and keratoconus.
8. Cataract and Lens Disorders — Etiopathogenesis of senile, congenital, and complicated cataracts; pre-operative evaluation; and principles of cataract extraction.
9. Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertensive States — Primary open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma, ocular drainage mechanisms, tonometry, visual field defects, and medical management.
10. Uveal and Retinal Pathologies — Anterior and posterior uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and retinal detachment.
11. Refractive Errors and Squint — Myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, presbyopia, paralytic vs non-paralytic strabismus, and amblyopia.
12. Alternative and Complementary Ophthalmology & ENT Procedures — Topical herbal eye washes, Netra Tarpana, Nasya therapy, and natural modalities for sensory rehabilitation.

1. Fundamentals and Philosophy of Materia Medica — Nature, scope, classification, drug proving methodology, dynamic potential, and historical development.
2. Sources of Drugs and Pharmacy Relations — Mineral, vegetable, animal kingdoms, nosodes, sarcodes, imponderabilia, and standard pharmacopoeial standards.
3. Mineral Kingdom Polychrests (Part I) — Detailed study of Sulfur, Calcarea carbonica, Silicea, Phosphorus, and Natrum muriaticum.
4. Mineral Kingdom Polychrests (Part II) — Pathogenetic action and symptom pictures of Arsenicum album, Hepar sulphuris, Kali carbonicum, and Mercurius solubilis.
5. Vegetable Kingdom Remedies (Acute and Toxic) — Clinical profiles of Aconitum napellus, Belladonna, Bryonia alba, Gelsemium sempervirens, and Nux vomica.
6. Vegetable Kingdom Remedies (Chronic and Metabolic) — Indications and symptomatology of Lycopodium clavatum, Pulsatilla nigricans, Thuja occidentalis, and Sepia officinalis.
7. Animal Kingdom Remedies and Venoms — Action, modalities, and constitutions of Lachesis muta, Apis mellifica, Tarentula hispana, and Sepia succus.
8. Nosodes and Bowel Nosodes — Therapeutics of Psorinum, Medorrhinum, Syphilinum, Tuberculinum, Carcinosin, and bowel flora remedies.
9. Twelve Tissue Biochemic Remedies — Tissue affinities, physiological indications, and clinical applications of Schuessler's cell salts.
10. Comparative and Differential Materia Medica — Diagnostic distinctions between remedies sharing identical target organs, modalities, and mental states.
11. Drug Relationships and Antidotes — Complementary remedies, inimical relationships, antidotes, concordances, and remedy sequencing in chronic care.
12. Clinical Prescribing in Acute and Chronic Pathologies — Case analysis, keynotes, generals, particulars, and therapeutic selection in systemic disorders.

1. Cellular Adaptations, Injury, and Death — Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, metaplasia, mechanisms of necrosis, apoptosis, and intracellular accumulations.
2. Acute and Chronic Inflammation — Vascular and cellular events, chemical mediators, morphologic patterns, granulomatous inflammation, and wound healing.
3. Hemodynamic Disorders and Thrombosis — Edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombus formation, embolism, infarction, and shock.
4. Neoplasia and Oncogenesis — Benign vs malignant characteristics, molecular basis of cancer, tumor immunity, grading, staging, and paraneoplastic syndromes.
5. Immunopathology and Hypersensitivity — Types I-IV hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune disorders, amyloidosis, and immune deficiency syndromes.
6. Medical Microbiology and Parasitology — Morphology, virulence, and diagnostic markers of common pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi, and helminths.
7. Hematology and Blood Disorders — Classification of anemias, leukemias, lymphomas, hemorrhagic disorders, and bone marrow biopsy interpretation.
8. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Pathology — Atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic carditis, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchogenic carcinoma.
9. Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Pathology — Peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and gall bladder pathologies.
10. Renal and Genitourinary Pathology — Glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, renal calculi, and prostatic hyperplasia.
11. Endocrine and Bone Pathology — Thyroid adenomas, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, diabetes mellitus complications, osteoporosis, and osteomyelitis.
12. Clinical Pathology, Cytology, and Biopsy Handling — Routine urine and stool examination, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), blood banking, and chemical laboratory indices.

1. Classical Foundations and Philosophical Schools of Yoga — Patanjali Ashtanga Yoga, Hatha Yoga Pradipika, and physiological concepts of Prana, Nadis, and Chakras.
2. Therapeutic Asanas and Structural Biomechanics — Alignment, contraindications, and physiological effects of standing, supine, prone, and twisting postures on organ systems.
3. Pranayama and Respiratory Therapeutics — Bio-energetics of controlled breathing, autonomic modulation, Nadi Shodhana, Bhastrika, Sheetali, and clinical applications.
4. Shatkarmas and Internal Cleansing Modalities — Procedures, mechanisms, and safety of Neti, Dhauti, Nauli, Basti, Kapalabhati, and Trataka in detoxification.
5. Yoga Therapy for Non-Communicable Diseases — Evidence-based yoga protocols for hypertension, type-2 diabetes, bronchial asthma, musculoskeletal disorders, and anxiety.
6. Fundamentals of Herbal Medicine and Dravyaguna — Principles of Dravya (substance), Rasa (taste), Guna (attribute), Virya (potency), Vipaka (post-digestive effect), and Prabhava.
7. Pharmacognosy and Identification of Major Herbs — Morphology, organoleptic analysis, active chemical constituents, and therapeutic profiles of prominent medicinal plants.
8. Phytochemistry and Mechanism of Action — Classes of bioactive compounds: alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils.
9. Methods of Herbal Preparations and Formulations — Manufacturing decoctions (Kwatha), infusions, tinctures, medicated oils, powders (Churna), and pastes (Kalka).
10. Systemic Clinical Herbal Therapeutics — Evidence-based plant remedies for gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, nervous, endocrine, and dermatological pathologies.
11. Standardization, Quality Control, and Toxicology — Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACP), heavy metal screening, pesticide residues, and herb-drug interactions.
12. Integrative Clinical Protocol Design — Combining yoga regimens, dietary corrections, and herbal medicines for holistic patient recovery.

1. Principles of Asepsis, Sterilization, and Operative Hygiene — Antiseptic agents, autoclaving, theater sterilization, standard surgical precautions, and barrier nursing.
2. Wounds, Wound Healing, and Soft Tissue Injuries — Phases of healing, factors impeding repair, keloids, hypertrophic scars, and management of traumatic wounds.
3. Surgical Infections and Antimicrobial Regimens — Abscess, cellulitis, erysipelas, carbuncle, tetanus, gas gangrene, and hospital-acquired surgical site infections.
4. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Management — Dehydration types, fluid replacement regimens, potassium and sodium derangements, parenteral nutrition, and blood transfusion.
5. Shock and Critical Surgical Care — Hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, and neurogenic shock; central venous pressure monitoring; and intensive care resuscitation.
6. Pre-operative Assessment and Post-operative Complications — Patient fitness evaluation, risk stratification, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atelectasis, and surgical fever.
7. Burns, Scalds, and Principles of Tissue Grafting — Wallace Rule of Nines, fluid resuscitation protocols (Parkland formula), local burn wound care, and skin graft basics.
8. Surgical Pathologies of the Head, Neck, and Breast — Salivary gland tumors, thyroglossal cyst, goiter, fibroadenoma, breast carcinoma, and cervical lymphadenopathy.
9. Acute Abdomen and Peritoneal Diseases — Peritonitis, acute appendicitis, perforated peptic ulcer, intestinal obstruction, and visceral trauma assessment.
10. Hernias, Scrotal Swellings, and Abdominal Wall Defects — Inguinal, femoral, umbilical, and incisional hernias; hydrocele; varicocele; and testicular torsion.
11. Anorectal Conditions and Minor Procedures — Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, fistula-in-ano, perianal abscess, pilonidal sinus, and excision protocols.
12. Para-surgical Modalities and Minimally Invasive Methods — Medicated seton (Kshara Sutra) ligation, therapeutic cauterization, bloodletting techniques, and outpatient surgical techniques.

Detailed Syllabus — 4th Year

1. Foundations of Vitalism — Concept of the vital force, prana, and innate intelligence across global healing traditions; historical evolution of vitalist epistemology versus mechanistic reductionism.
2. Holism and Systems Biology — Triad of health; psychosomatic, biochemical, and structural unity of the human organism; principles of homeodynamics and biological resonance.
3. Natural Law and Cure Dynamics — Hering's law of cure; concept of constructive healing crisis versus disease crises; suppressive therapies and systemic repercussions.
4. Toxemia and Autointoxication — The unity of disease concept; metabolic waste accumulation, pathways of elimination, and the role of vital reserve in clearing systemic toxicity.
5. Bioenergetics and Subtle Anatomy — Meridians, nadis, and chakras; quantum models of biological communication, biofield therapy principles, and electromedicine philosophy.
6. Mind-Body Epistemology — Psychoneuroimmunology, consciousness-based healing paradigms, epigenetic regulation through mental states, and emotional etiology of physical pathology.
7. Comparative Healthcare Paradigms — Epistemological differences between conventional allopathy, Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani, and Naturopathic doctrines.
8. Ethics and Jurisprudence — Medical ethics in complementary practice, practitioner-patient boundaries, legal accountability, scope of practice, and informed consent.
9. Ecological and Planetary Health — Microcosm-macrocosm relationship, environmental influences on chronic disease, and bioclimatology in alternative medicine.
10. Integrative Clinical Reasoning — Synthesis of multi-modality data, therapeutic order, minimum intervention principle, and individualized protocol formulation.

1. Global Classification Systems — World Health Organization (WHO) benchmarks for traditional, complementary, and integrative medicine; classification of modalities and regional terminologies.
2. Acupuncture and Acupressure — Yin-Yang polarity, Five-Element theory, jing-luo network, point classification, indication parameters, and safety contraindications.
3. Unani and Siddha Systems — Overview of Akhlat (humoral theory), Mizaj (temperament), Arkan (elements), and diagnostic methods of pulse and urine analysis.
4. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Manipulation — Subluxation complexes, spinal biomechanics, somatic dysfunction, neurovertebral relationships, and indications for manual realignment.
5. Aromatherapy and Olfactory Medicine — Chemistry of volatile oils, pathways of inhalation and transdermal absorption, therapeutic actions on the limbic system, and safety dilution ratios.
6. Reflexology and Zone Therapy — Neuro-endocrinal reflexes in the hands and feet, mapping zones, clinical techniques, and therapeutic application for internal visceral regulation.
7. Integrated Clinical Assessment — Cross-disciplinary physical diagnosis, tongue examination, iridology signs, radial pulse interpretation, and functional clinical scoring.
8. Evidence-Based Integrative Research — Clinical trial designs in complementary medicine, qualitative outcome metrics, meta-analyses, and evaluation of traditional clinical claims.
9. Pharmacovigilance in Complementary Modalities — Risk assessment, adverse event reporting, adulteration risks, and compliance with statutory manufacturing norms.
10. Practice Management and Inter-Professional Referral — Red flag symptoms, critical triage, collaborative practice models with modern medicine, and medical documentation standards.

1. Phytochemistry and Active Principles — Biosynthetic pathways of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and volatile oils; mechanism of pharmacological action.
2. Botanical Pharmacognosy — Morphological, histological, and microscopic identification of medicinal plants; standardization criteria and organoleptic testing.
3. Phyto-Pharmacy and Galenicals — Methods of extraction, preparation of decoctions, infusions, tinctures, fluid extracts, standardized extracts, poultices, and medicated oils.
4. Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Therapeutics — Bitters, carminatives, laxatives, and hepatoprotectives including Silybum marianum, Zingiber officinale, and Picrorhiza kurroa.
5. Cardiovascular Phytotherapy — Inotropic, hypotensive, and anti-atherogenic botanicals including Crataegus oxyacantha, Allium sativum, and Terminalia arjuna.
6. Respiratory Herbology — Demulcents, expectorants, and bronchodilators such as Glycyrrhiza glabra, Adhatoda vasica, and Thymus vulgaris in respiratory ailments.
7. Nervine and Adaptogenic Botanicals — Tonics and sedatives including Withania somnifera, Panax ginseng, Hypericum perforatum, and Valeriana officinalis; modulation of HPA axis.
8. Endocrine and Gynaecological Phytotherapy — Phytoestrogens and emmenagogues including Cimicifuga racemosa, Vitex agnus-castus, and Dioscorea villosa in hormonal imbalances.
9. Herb-Drug Interactions — Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein; interactions with anticoagulants and oral hypoglycemics.
10. Toxicology and Quality Assurance — Heavy metal limits, microbial contamination limits, pesticide residues, and contraindications in pregnancy, lactation, and pediatrics.

1. Organon of Medicine — Aphorisms of Samuel Hahnemann; Similia Similibus Curentur, totality of symptoms, individualization, and nature of dynamic medicinal agents.
2. Theory of Chronic Miasms — Etiology, pathogenesis, and manifestations of Psora, Sycosis, and Syphilis; mixed and tubercular diatheses in clinical pathology.
3. Homeopathic Pharmacy and Posology — Decimal, centesimal, and fifty-millesimal (LM) scales; rules of potentization, succussion, trituration, and medicinal vehicles.
4. Case Taking and Symptomatology — Recording the patient narrative; subjective, objective, characteristic, common, accessory, and pathognomonic symptoms.
5. Repertorial Analysis and Synthesis — Structure and use of Kent's, Boenninghausen's, and Boger's repertories; repertorization sheets, rubric selection, and grading of remedies.
6. Polychrest Materia Medica I — Pathogeneses, keynotes, and clinical indications of Sulphur, Lycopodium, Calcarea carbonica, Arsenicum album, and Thuja occidentalis.
7. Polychrest Materia Medica II — Symptomatology and modalities of Nux vomica, Pulsatilla, Natrum muriaticum, Bryonia alba, and Phosphorus.
8. Emergency and Acute Prescribing — Rapid prescription in trauma, pyrexia, acute colic, and toxic conditions using Aconitum, Arnica, Belladonna, and Hypericum.
9. Second Prescription Dynamics — Interpretation of homeopathic aggravations, curative reactions, complementary remedies, antidotes, and repetition intervals.
10. Nosodes, Sarcodes, and Bowel Nosodes — Therapeutics of Tuberculinum, Medorrhinum, Syphilinum, Morgan pure, and Gaertner in obstinate chronic conditions.

1. Principles of Nature Cure — The ten basic tenets of Naturopathy; foreign matter theory, unity of cure, acute disease as restorative effort, and non-violence in healing.
2. Scientific Hydrotherapy — Physiological effects of hot, cold, and alternating water applications; compress, packs, spinal baths, hip baths, and revulsive douches.
3. Balneology and Steam Therapy — Sweat baths, medicated steam, sauna protocols, whirlpool treatments, and systemic detoxification pathways via the dermis.
4. Pelotherapy (Mud Therapy) — Properties, chemical composition, and clinical actions of thermal and non-thermal mud; application in skin conditions, arthritis, and visceral congestion.
5. Clinical Fasting and Autophagy — Short, intermittent, and prolonged fasting; physiological phases, crisis management, monitoring vitals, and scientific breaking of the fast.
6. Heliotherapy and Chromotherapy — Sunbathing protocols (Dr. Rikli’s method), biological effects of UV/IR radiation, primary and secondary color therapy for organ stimulation.
7. Colon Hydrotherapy and Elimination — Enema administration, graduated colonic irrigation, contraindications, and rehabilitation of intestinal motility.
8. Manipulative Therapies — Effleurage, petrissage, friction, tapotement, trigger point release, and joint mobilization techniques for musculoskeletal realignment.
9. Applied Magnetotherapy — Principles of magnetic fields, North and South pole properties, magnetic water preparation, and local versus systemic biological applications.
10. Clinical Naturopathic Management — Integrated drugless protocols for hypertension, type-2 diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and metabolic syndrome.

1. Nutritional Biochemistry — Digestion, absorption, and intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins; energy expenditure calculation (BMR, TEE).
2. Micronutrients and Trace Elements — Fat and water-soluble vitamins, macro-minerals, trace elements; subclinical deficiency syndromes and biochemical marker evaluation.
3. Therapeutic Diets and Modifications — Design of low-sodium, ketogenic, low-FODMAP, gluten-free, anti-inflammatory, and renal diets tailored to specific pathologies.
4. Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods — Therapeutic applications of prebiotics, probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, polyphenols, and medicinal mushrooms.
5. Detoxification and Elimination Nutrition — Phase I and Phase II hepatic biotransformation pathways; dietary support using cruciferous compounds, amino acids, and antioxidants.
6. Diet in Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders — Nutritional strategies for diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and hyperlipidemia.
7. Gastrointestinal Nutritional Therapy — Leaky gut syndrome, intestinal dysbiosis, inflammatory bowel disease, and targeted nutritional mucosal rehabilitation.
8. Life-Cycle Nutritional Requirements — Maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation; pediatric growth requirements; geriatric nutritional decline and sarcopenia.
9. Food Intolerances, Allergies, and Incompatibilities — IgE and IgG-mediated food sensitivities, celiac disease, elimination-provocation protocols, and intestinal barrier integrity.
10. Nutritional Assessment and Dietary Counseling — Anthropometric assessment, biochemical evaluation, clinical signs of malnutrition, 24-hour dietary recall, and patient compliance strategies.

1. Tridosha and Saptadhatu Siddhanta — Vata, Pitta, and Kapha mechanics; Dhatu metabolism (Kshira-Dadhi, Kedari-Kulya, Khale-Kapota nyaya); Mala formation and functions.
2. Prakriti and Vikriti Pariksha — Physical, physiological, and psychological determination of constitutional body type and current pathology matrix.
3. Roga Nidana and Samprapti — Ayurvedic pathogenesis; Shat Kriya Kala (six stages of disease progression); Vyadhi bheda and prognostic classification.
4. Ashtavidha Rogi Pariksha — Eightfold diagnostic clinical assessment: Nadi (pulse), Mutra (urine), Mala (stool), Jihva (tongue), Shabda (speech), Sparsha (touch), Druk (eyes), Akruti (form).
5. Swasthavritta and Preventive Regimens — Dinacharya (daily routine), Ritucharya (seasonal adaptation), Ratricharya, and preservation of Agni (digestive fire).
6. Purva Karma (Preparatory Therapies) — Snehana (internal and external oleation) and Swedana (sudation); pharmacological actions and patient selection criteria.
7. Pradhana Karma (The Five Purificatory Procedures) — Vamana (emesis), Virechana (purgation), Basti (medicated enema - Anuvasana and Niruha), Nasya (nasal instillation), and Raktamokshana (bloodletting).
8. Paschat Karma and Samsarjana Krama — Post-operative dietary progression, rehabilitation of Agni, lifestyle management, and prevention of complications.
9. Kayachikitsa (Internal Medicine) — Pathogenesis and management of Jwara (fevers), Amavata (rheumatoid arthritis), Prameha (diabetes), and Tamaka Shwasa (asthma).
10. Rasayana and Vajikarana — Rejuvenation pharmacology, immune enhancement, adaptogenic rasayanas (Chyawanprash, Brahma Rasayana), and virility therapeutics.

1. Dimensions of Wellness — Physical, emotional, intellectual, social, spiritual, and environmental wellness; wellness inventories and comprehensive biopsychosocial assessment.
2. Stress Neurobiology and Allostatic Load — Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis, autonomic nervous system tone, cortisol regulation, and physiological costs of chronic stress.
3. Therapeutic Yoga and Pranayama — Neurophysiological mechanisms of Asana; Nadishodhana, Kapalabhati, Bhramari; down-regulation of sympathetic nervous hyperactivity.
4. Mindfulness and Meditative Practices — Neuroplasticity, EEG brainwave alterations during meditation, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), and guided imagery.
5. Circadian Biology and Sleep Medicine — Melatonin biosynthesis, chronobiology, circadian disruption in chronic disease, sleep staging, and clinical sleep hygiene protocols.
6. Biofeedback and Mind-Body Technologies — Heart Rate Variability (HRV) biofeedback, galvanic skin response, neurofeedback basics, and self-regulation training.
7. Somatic Therapies and Bodywork — Breathwork integration, fascia and somatic trauma storage, progressive muscle relaxation, and expressive arts in healing.
8. Environmental Medicine and Detox Living — Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), heavy metal exposures, indoor air quality, clean water interventions, and electromagnetic field mitigation.
9. Positive Psychology and Behavioral Modification — Stages of change model (Transtheoretical Model), motivational interviewing, salutogenesis, and building psychological resilience.
10. Public Health and Wellness Center Setup — Community health initiatives, corporate wellness program design, clinical ergonomics, clinic design, and sanitization protocols.